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A wide variety of industries need a better understanding of the materials they are working with to shorten design cycles, process monitoring, and quality assurance. Every material has a unique set of electrical characteristics that are dependent on its dielectric properties. Accurate measurements of these properties can provide scientists and engineers with valuable information to properly incorporate the material into its intended application. A dielectric materials measurement can provide critical design parameter information for many electronics applications. For example, the loss of a cable insulator, the impedance of a substrate, or the frequency of a dielectric resonator can be related to its dielectric properties. More recent applications in the area of aerospace, automotive, food and medical industries have also been found to benefit from knowledge of dielectric properties.
The material evaluation systems that generate these measurements must combine precise measurement instruments, test fixtures that hold the material under test (MUT), and software that calculate and display material parameters. Keysight Technologies, Inc. offers you fast, accurate and often non-destructive solutions.
The measurement instruments, such as vector network analyzers, impedance analyzers and LCR meters provide accurate measurement results with wide frequency range up to 1.1 THz. Fixtures are available that are based on coaxial probe, parallel plate, coaxial/waveguide transmission lines, free space and resonant cavity methods. The easy-to-use materials measurement software streamlines the process of measuring complex permittivity and permeability. The table below shows product examples that can be measured by Keysight’s material test solutions.
Measurement techniques
There are several measurement techniques that exist for measuring dielectric properties of materials. Users need to verify which technique is appropriate for their MUT. Keysight solutions cover all the measurement techniques
Coaxial probe method
The coaxial probe method is best for liquids and semi-solid (powder) materials. The method is simple, convenient, non-destructive, and with one measurement. A typical measurement system consists of a vector network analyzer or impedance analyzer, a coaxial probe and software. Both the software and the probe are included in the Keysight N1501A dielectric probe kit. Depending on the analyzer and probe used, we can measure from 10 MHz to 50 GHz.
The high-temperature probe (a) withstands a wide -40 to +200°C temperature range. The large flange allows measurements of flat-surfaced solid materials, in addition to liquids and semi-solids. The slim probe (b) allows it to fit easily in fermentation tanks, chemical reaction chambers, or other equipment with small apertures. The performance probe (c) combines rugged, high temperature and frequency performance in a slim design. The probe can be autoclaved, so it is perfect for applications in food, medical, and chemical industries where sterilization is a must.
Transmission line method
The transmission line method is a broadband technique for machineable solids. It puts the MUT inside a portion of an enclosed transmission line.
Free space method
Free space methods use antennas to focus microwave energy at or through a slab of material. This method is non-contacting and can be applied under high temperatures. It is especially useful at mm-wave frequencies.
Resonant cavity method
Resonant cavities are high Q structures that resonate at certain frequencies. A sample of the material affects the center frequency and Q factor of the cavity. The permittivity can be calculated from these parameters. Keysight offers 85072A 10 GHz split cylinder resonator, as well as Split post dielectric resonators (SPDR).
Parallel plate capacitor method
The parallel plate capacitor method involves sandwiching a thin sheet of material between two electrodes to form a capacitor. The method works best for accurate, low frequency measurements of thin sheets or liquids. A typical measurement system using the parallel plate method consists of an LCR meter or impedance analyzer. Keysight offers several test fixtures such as 16451B, 16452A and 16543A depending on material types and applied frequency ranges that can cover up to 1 GHz.
Inductance measurement method
This method derives the permeability by measuring the inductance of the material (toroidal core). The concept is to wind some wire around MUT and evaluate the inductance with respect to the ends of the wire. The Keysight 16454A magnetic material test fixture provides an ideal structure for a single-turn inductor, with no flux leakage when a toroidal core is inserted in it.
Measurement systems
Keysight offers a variety of fixtures and measurement instruments that covers many material types. The software is also provided depending on required measurement techniques or instruments. See related literature for more information.
Test fixtures and instruments
The lineup of Keysight test fixtures is summarized in Figure 2. See Table 1 for available measurement instruments.
Software
The Keysight N1500A materials measurement suite streamlines the process of measuring complex permittivity and permeability with a vector network analyzer. The easy-to-use software guides the user through setup and measurement, instantly converting S-parameter data into the data format of your choice and displaying the results within seconds. Results can be charted in a variety of formats: εr’, εr”, tan δ, μr’, μr”, tan δµ and Cole-Cole.
A variety of measurement methods and mathematical models are provided to meet most application needs. The free space calibration option provides Keysight’s exclusive gated reflect line (GRL) calibration for measuring materials in free space. Arch reflectivity option automates popular NRL arch method for measuring reflections off the surface of a sample. Resonant cavity option offers the highest loss tangent accuracy and resolution.
Keysight vector network analyzers, up to 1.1 THz
